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=Black Holes =

Black holes are invisible spots in the sky that vigorously rebel Mother Nature, negating almost all the known laws of physics. Such forces are simply impossible to grasp, and even more impossible to imagine. Coming into the reach of a black hole is probably the most violent doom any object can face. It overpowers every form of matter, changing it so drastically it ends up becoming unrecognizable. Massive-stars tens of times more massive than our solar system get shredded and squeezed into almost nothing. A black hole them up, and compresses them to a point much smaller than the naked eye can see. Yet, most science evidence out there backs these monstrous cosmic drains.

__History and discoveries:__

Black holes used to be referred to as “gravitationally collapsed objects.” However a physicist, John Wheeler, was sick of that term and in 1968 created the term “black hole.” The term “black hole” is an incredible description, because black holes are truly black, no light can get reflected off them in order to make them visible. The reason for this is that black holes trap light, once light enters into the gravity of a black hole, it cannot escape. The escape velocity of an object is the speed that an object has to reach in order to escape something’s gravity. Nothing can reach the escape velocity that is needed to escape a black hole, not even light. Black holes give off no light; they are completely black.

Albert Einstein:

Albert Einstein played one of the most important part in understanding the world that we live in. His theories are crucial in order to understand the foundation of our universe. He realized that space and time are not completely separate. Combined they form the very fabric of the universe, a mixture of time and space called space-time. In 1916 Einstein proposed the theory of general relativity that shows how space-time gets distorted by matter. To better understand this theory space-time could be thought of as the surface of a trampoline, the more massive, large, an object the bigger and deeper a well it makes. This well is called the gravity well. If you were to place one big rock on the trampoline and many little rocks, the little rocks would all fall in to the well that the big rock makes, just like massive object in space capture things in their gravity well. This is what Albert Einstein figured out.

Albert Einstein’s breakthroughs about the fabric of our universe and the nature of gravity laid out the foundation for others to understand and discover more about these cosmic mysteries. Scientists discovered that when super massive stars are making enough nuclear, burning energy, they make enough force to push outwards, canceling out their enormous gravitational force that pushes inwards. However when super massive stars run out energy and stop making nuclear fusion they are crushed by their own gravity and collapse into themselves. They become so dense that they actually tear a hole through space-time, a black hole.

Tom Bolton: For a large perio d of time black holes were science fiction, and not real science. They continued being so until an astronomer named Tom Bolton found one, Cyg X-1. One can’t see black holes because as mentioned before, they are black, not even light can escape them, they are completely invisible. Tom Bolton found a way to get around that problem. He figured out that in order to find a black hole you have to look at the things around it. Black holes emit radiation. They generate a lot of heat because they contain so much energy, when matter comes near a black hole it gets fired, emitting radiation. So when scientists look for black holes they look for the radiation that they emit.

__Deeper Inside A Black Hole:__

Since no one can see inside black holes the following will be science-based theories.

Event horizon:

The event horizon is the place of no return. Once one passes it there is no going back. The event horizon is the surface of a black hole, but unlike a regular surface that one can see or touch the event horizon is more like a boundary. Once matter gets pulled inside the event horizon matter only existed for an instant before getting distorted, twisted and broken as it helplessly gets sucked into the black hole, pulled into the singularity.

Singularity:

The singularity is the point inside of a black hole were all the matter condenses into. Scientists believe that it is smaller than an atom’s nucleus. Much more than that, scientists do not know. The whole concept of a singularity negates all the known laws of physics. How could such a small point have such a large density? Some think that the singularity has infinite density. Some scientists think that it has no volume, that it is the tear itself in space-time.

Falling In:

A black hole wraps and stretches space-time thus slowing time down. To better explain this phenomenon scientists use the example of a spacecraft sending an astronaut inside a black hole. If the spacecraft was to go just beyond the surface of a black hole, and they would send someone into the black hole many scientists hypothesize the following would happen. First of all a human would probably not even survive to even come close to the event horizon, he/she would be fried, stretched, crushed by the gravity amid many other things before he/she would even come close. However lets say that an astronaut would be able to survive. After the astronaut would jump, the people in the spacecraft would see he/she moving very slowly through space-time. In fact they would never see the astronaut falling into the black hole, he/she would appear frozen in time because, at that point space-time is broken. That is the reason why scientists can never witness matter fall into a black hole, or witness a super massive star turn into a black hole. Meanwhile the astronaut that jumped would feel no difference in time as he/she is falling towards the event horizon, towards his/her doom. In fact, because the gravity is so strong, he/she would be falling very fast. If the astronaut would look up as he/she is falling he/she would see the whole history/future of the universe flash before his/her eyes.

__Theories:__

As is known, no one knows what happens to things once they fall into black holes. One theory is that inside black holes there are wormholes. A wormhole is a theoretical space object that comments two parts in space, a shortcut through space, just like a wormhole is a shortcut through an apple. In that tunnel matter travels through hyperspace. Hyperspace is considered a fourth dimension. Regular space consists of the three dimensions length, width and height which will be represent with the variables X Y and Z. Hyperspace would consist of those three variables, X Y and Z, plus an extra variable W. So a wormhole would travel through the variable W, faster than the speed of light. Of course that variable W is just a theory and matter would probably not survive that travel. A wormhole inside of a black hole would be like a tunnel, connecting a black hole to a white hole. A white hole is the opposite of a black hole; matter that gets sucked into a black hole travels through a wormhole and comes out from the white hole. The matter that would come out of a white hole would be so changed from the form in which it entered the black hole that it would be unrecognizable. However wormholes are not necessarily parts of black holes. Two astronomers named Thibault Damour and Sergey Solodukhin studied the c haracteristics of such wormholes. They figured out that wormholes would look almost identical to black holes; it would be very difficult to tell the difference. Even though a wormhole would have no event horizon. Such a wormhole would probably turn back in on itself and lead to its own entrance. However if a wormhole did happen to not be symmetrical then it may be a shortcut through space, or to another universe.

Over the past years more and more discoveries were made about black holes leading to break through into the deeper understanding of these infinite space mysteries. It seems that we will never get to our horizon of understanding black holes. The more information we get the more confused our understanding really becomes. If we ever do get to the complete understanding of these great phenomenos, it will just lead to an infinite tunnel of other questions. However how can ever come to understand objects that suck in all the information and give off nothing. Yet, that never stopped scientists from taking their telescopes and looking at the infinity, the unknown and the unseen. **References:** "relativity. " //Encyclopædia Britannica//. //Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition//. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 7 Dec. 2010. "'Russian Doll' Galaxy Reveals Black Holes' True Power." //Space Daily// (2010). //General OneFile//. Web. 7 Dec. 2010 McIrvin, Matt. "What Happens to You If You Fall into a Black Holes XS4ALL - Internet, Bellen En Hosting. 1995. Web. 07 Dec. 2010. . WebsiteTags   []   McClintock, Jeffrey E. "Black hole." World Book Online Reference Center. 2004. World Book, Inc. http://www.worldbookonline.com/wb/Article?id=ar062594.  Warping Time & Space. Dave Brody. Web. .  Is a Black Hole Really a Black Hole?. Amazing Space. Web. 10 Jan. 2011. .  New!  "HowStuffWorks "How Black Holes Work"" Howstuffworks "Science" Web. 07 Feb. 2011. . "Wormhole." The Worlds of David Darling. Web. 07 Feb. 2011. . "Space and Time." Free Hosting, Web Hosting, Domain Names and Web Design | Fortunecity. Web. 07 Feb. 2011. <http://www.fortunecity.com/emachines/e11/86/space.html>.